The Difference Between Optometrists and Ophthalmologists

We’re often asked about the difference between optometrists and ophthalmologists. While both professionals work closely to care for patients, their training and roles are quite distinct.

In the U.S. and Canada, ophthalmologists are medical doctors (MD or DO) who attend medical school to study the human body, diseases, diagnosis, and treatment. They typically spend only a few weeks focusing on the eyes during med school. Most of their specialized eye care training happens during a three-year ophthalmology residency. A key distinction is that ophthalmologists perform surgeries and laser procedures—though in some states, including Colorado, optometrists can perform minor surgical treatments.

Optometrists, on the other hand, are primary care providers for eye health. They detect and manage eye diseases like glaucoma and macular degeneration and refer patients to ophthalmologists for surgical care. Optometrists complete a four-year Doctor of Optometry program focused on visual function and eye health, while also understanding how systemic health impacts vision. Originally centered around vision correction, optometry has evolved to include much more medical management.

Vision is more than just seeing clearly—it’s a complex process involving the brain. Developmental delays can lead to visual dysfunctions, particularly when it comes to using both eyes together. A functional optometrist (also known as a behavioral or developmental optometrist) assesses how your eyes work in real-life situations and can provide vision therapy to improve visual function and performance. Because vision is often our dominant sense, it influences many areas—from sensory integration and posture to speech. Therapy can help optimize these interconnected systems.